Technology
The Two-Level Game in International Treaty Negotiations
Quick fact
Robert Putnam's Two-Level Game theory, introduced in 1988, shows that international negotiators are simultaneously playing a game with foreign counterparts and with their own domestic constituents—a smaller domestic 'win-set' can sometimes give a negotiator more international leverage.
Why this is interesting
You've likely seen a leader strike a deal abroad, only to have it collapse at home. How can a national leader sign an international treaty and then fail to get it approved? Discover the hidden two-level game at play.