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Philosophy

Machiavelli's Virtu and Fortuna in Statecraft

Quick fact

Machiavelli argued that fortuna (fortune or luck) controls about half of our actions, but the other half is left to our own 'virtu' — a blend of skill, boldness, and adaptability. He famously compared fortuna to a raging river that can be channeled with dikes and embankments built through virtu.

Why this is interesting

Imagine a river that suddenly floods, destroying everything in its path. An engineer can't stop the flood, but she can build levees and canals to channel its force. In politics, Machiavelli said that a prince faces a similar river called 'fortuna' — and the only defense is his own 'virtu.'