Philosophy
Hempel's Raven Paradox (The Paradox of Confirmation)
Quick fact
The paradox was introduced by philosopher Carl Hempel in the 1940s, and it shows that the statement 'All ravens are black' is logically the same as 'All non-black things are non-ravens'—which makes any non-black non-raven seem to confirm the raven hypothesis.
Why this is interesting
You're testing the claim 'All ravens are black,' so you go looking for black ravens. But could a red apple in your kitchen secretly be giving you evidence about ravens too?