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Philosophy

Epistemic Closure and the Principle of Knowledge Transmission

Quick fact

Epistemic closure is so intuitive that we use it in nearly every logical reasoning, yet philosophers have debated its validity for decades because it seems to lead to radical skeptical conclusions.

Why this is interesting

You know that Paris is in France. If you also know that being in France means being in Europe, then you know Paris is in Europe—but how did you acquire that new piece of knowledge? This simple step holds a deep secret about how all our knowledge grows.