Mathematics
Hypothesis Testing with p-Values and Significance Levels
Quick fact
A p-value does not tell you the probability that your hypothesis is true; instead, it tells you the probability of observing data at least as extreme as yours, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Even a p-value of 0.049 does not mean the result is 95% likely to be true.
Why this is interesting
Have you ever wondered how scientists decide if a new drug really works or if the results are just due to chance? Hypothesis testing with p-values is the statistical yardstick that helps answer that question.