Mathematics
Bayesian Inference vs. Frequentist Statistics in Hypothesis Testing
Quick fact
In frequentist statistics, a p-value of 0.05 does NOT mean there is a 5% chance the null hypothesis is true; it means that if the null hypothesis were true, you would see data this extreme 5% of the time. Bayesian statistics, by contrast, can directly give you the probability that a hypothesis is true, but it requires specifying a prior belief.
Why this is interesting
Have you ever seen a study claim that a result is statistically significant, but another expert disagrees because of 'Bayesian reasoning'? What does that even mean?