Mathematics
The Euler Characteristic for Surfaces and Polyhedra
Quick fact
For any convex polyhedron, the number of vertices minus edges plus faces always equals 2, a fact known as Euler's formula (V - E + F = 2). This value is not affected by stretching or bending, making it a topological invariant.
Why this is interesting
Take a cube and count its vertices, edges, and faces. Now, squash it into a ball, or stretch it into a doughnut—will the same arithmetic still hold?