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Biology

Neanderthal Dental Calculus and Microbiome Evidence of Dietary Flexibility

Quick fact

Analysis of Neanderthal dental calculus from a site in Spain revealed DNA of poplar, which contains salicylic acid (the active ingredient in aspirin), and Penicillium fungus—suggesting self-medication with natural painkillers and antibiotics some 50,000 years ago.

Why this is interesting

Have you ever thought your toothbrush does more than just clean your teeth? For Neanderthals who never brushed, the plaque that hardened on their teeth has become a treasure trove—a time capsule of what they ate, what microbes lived in their mouths, and even how they treated illness. What would we find in yours?